DİPLOMASİ

Sumerians were the earliest practitioners of diplomacy.

The Great Power Club was composed of five major kingdoms: the kingdom of Hatti, the kingdom of Mittanni, the kingdom of Assyria, the kingdom of Kassite of Babylon and the kingdom of Egypt.

The Hittites signed the Kadesh Treaty with the Egyptians.

The Art of War is the famous work of Sun-Tzu.

According to Kautilya, six forms of foreign policy are peace, war, non-alignment, seeking shelter, shows of force, and double-dealing.

Thucydides was the author of the book, History of the Peloponnesian War.

Angelos is  a kind of representative that was a messenger used for brief and specific missions, in Ancient Greece.

The Bureau of Barbarians as a department of government was responsible for foreign relations in the Byzantine Empire.

Diplomacy in the Islamic world began with the establishment of the first Islamic state in 622; and it was not founded through military means but by a social contract, the Medina Charter. The Charter was an agreement settling the inter-tribal conflict between Muslims, Jews and pagans; and it constituted a free state of a pluralistic community. It is a constitution which provided for dispute resolution, a tax system, rights and responsibilities to both Muslims and non-Muslims. However, the Aman was permission for safe passage and conduct.

Dar-el Islam consists of countries where the rules of Islam are implemented and Islamic rituals are performed.

the Amarna letters contain information about:

• Strategic-military cooperation,

• Treaty negotiations,

• Dynastic marriages,

• Trade regulations

• Strengthening friendly relations

• Negotiating alliances

The correct answer is C.

The function of diplomats was to communicate with other states, to conclude an agreement or alliance which was decided previously, to arrange the exchange of prisoners and the truce, and to announce war. Most certainly, another function of envoys was to gather information about the weaknesses and/or strengths of the host country. The correct answer is E.

Between 630 and 631, many delegations came to Medina; and therefore, this period is named as the Year of Delegation. Most of them were representatives of Arab tribes coming to declare their acceptance of Islam; however, as in the Najran case, there were also Christians without an intention to accept the religion, but to conclude an agreement. The correct answer is B.

The Byzantines employed a number of tactics, both overt and covert to achieve their aims through diplomacy rather than military force. It is therefore common to label Byzantine diplomacy as “war by other means” (Antonucci, 1993: 11). They were unique in their method of involvement in internal affairs of other countries. For this aim, the empire initiated a new institution for diplomatic practice, the Bureau of Barbarians. The correct answer is C.

In fact, the main motive in the use of diplomacy for the Byzantine Empire was to avoid war, and all diplomatic practice was devoted to this aim. Therefore, the empire used diplomacy as a means of foreign policy continuously, employing more emphasis on it than military means. The correct answer is B.

Diplomacy was a necessity for the Byzantine Empire because it had enemies on all of its borders and there was always a threat of invasion while for a certain time it had limited military power. The military force of the Byzantine Empire never exceeded the number of 140.000. While the threat of invasion came from all quarters, e.g., from Nomadic people to Germanic people, from Slavs to Hungarians and Russians, its internal resources were not enough to keep a military permanently in order to give a military response to these threats. Since the rulers of the empire were aware of their military weakness, they first adapted the practices of former civilizations and developed their own way of diplomacy with their political and cultural contributions. The correct answer is D.

Since the rulers of the empire were aware of their military weakness, they first adapted the practices of former civilizations and developed their own way of diplomacy with their political and cultural contributions. For example, they adapted the practices of protocol and dynastic marriages from the Near Eastern civilization, oration as a tool for public speaking from Greece, and the divide and rule tactics from the Roman Empire. In this manner the diplomatic methods they exercised were ranging from the, formation of alliances to dynastic marriages, from exploiting the enemy’s weaknesses, to deception and the use of religion. The correct answer is E.

Another peculiarity of the ancient Greek diplomacy was that they preferred oral messages to written notes; therefore, there is not a large archive of diplomatic correspondence of ancient Greece. There were three kinds of representatives: • angelos: a messenger used for brief and specific missions. tHe correct answer is E.

Proxenos is a resident consul but the proxenos were citizens of the city in which they resided, not of the city-state that employed them. If a resident representative was needed in another state, then a resident was given the title of proxenos by the state which he represented. In other words, the proxenos looked after the interests of a foreign state while residing in the state of which he was a citizen. The correct answer is D.

The Enemy of My Enemy is my Friend Kautilya is most famous for outlining the foreign policy principle of “the enemy of my enemy is my friend” which can clearly be seen in his following words; “Your neighbor is not a candidate for alliance, only enemies of a neighboring country shall be allies of the country” The correct answer is A.