DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ

In broader perspectives, there are three aspects of Egyptian civilization that clearly identify its historical characteristics:
• Its genesis and uniqueness,
• Its roots in the Nile and the Rift Valley of Africa,
• Its longevity

According to Erman (1971: 32), “The inhabitants of Libya, Egypt, and Ethiopia
have probably belonged to the same race since prehistoric times; in physical stature, they are still Africans

Their economic activities involved cultivation of land, collection of harvests, engaging in bartering and acquiring the aptitude and practicalities of comparative advantage trade at their lowest levels.

The older folks prepared for sleep by praying to one of their gods, in the Egyptian case, the sun god Ra or god of the underworld, afterlife and the dead Osiris, or variants of the relations of the gods.

Under the leadership of Menes, Upper and Lower Egypt were united, ensuring the unity of Egypt, consolidating the cumulative advances of both regions and launching Egypt into a time of prosperity and advancement.

Some of the great pharaohs of the Old Kingdom were: Khufu 2589-2566 BCE, Khaffa 2558- 2532 BCE, and Menkaura 2532-2503 BCE and  the great Pharaoh Djoser.

Early Pre-dynasty Period is between 5000 - 4500 BCE.

Often historians will say that the pharaohs, both female and male, were regarded as gods, but it is likely that this is a religious means of worship that has been misunderstood by scholars. The pharaohs were human; they were not divine or supernatural.

In early dynastic period the Great Pyramid of Giza was built, erected for the great Pharaoh Khufu in ways so complex and technically ingenious that no one, even today, is yet able to determine how it was built.

The timeline of The First Founding Pharaohs is 3150 - 2680 BCE

Cheikh Anta Diop is an African scholar who feels convinced that Egyptian civilization is an
African civilization. To stand his intellectual grounds, and claim an intellectual confidence, he relates Egypt to Africa by weaving evidential facts about race, language, religion, political traditions at the village and community level and forcefully arguing that ancient Egypt is an integral family of the West, South, and East African civilizations. Both Toynbee and Diop acknowledge that ancient Egypt emerged in Africa, but they differ in their intellectual behavior. The correct answer is E.

Diop, in his detailed analysis, states that ancient Egypt emerged from Nubia, in the modern map of Southern Egypt and the entire Sudan. The correct answer is A.

The family in ancient Egypt, as it was transitioning to the Dynastic period, was systematically organized to render wholesome family life. Breasted (1909: 85) gives detailed analysis of the family life:

".....and we often find on the tombs the statement, ‘I was one beloved of his father, praised of his mother, whom his brothers and sisters loved."

The statement was before the Dynastic period, therefore it belongs pre-dynastic period.  The statement uses past tense, indicating once upon a time they were alive. It indicates that now they are dead. So it shows the mortality feature of the human.  The correct answer is B.

J. G. Sutton catalogues that the entire region now known as the Sahara was wet and strewn with
lakes and rivers. He further argues that around that time, that region, the Sahara, was characterized by similarities of race, language, and material culture. These items of “material culture” included pottery, fishing lines, baskets, canoes, rafts, dugouts, and war implements made from sticks and stones. The correct answer is B.

Like nearly all ancient civilizations, the ancient
Egyptian civilization began in the Nile River valley.

The ancient Egyptians were creative, industrious and hard working. Their land was dry except on the banks of the Nile. They were not constrained by harsh environment. They labored hard in irrigation, land and water management. The correct answer is A.

In broader perspectives, there are three aspects of Egyptian civilization that clearly identify its historical characteristics:
• Its genesis and uniqueness,
• Its roots in the Nile and the Rift Valley of Africa,
• Its longevity.

The term environmental determinism is not among these characteristics. 

The correct answer is D.

The Horus Kings were each identified with a particular god. Among these kings were Djoser, Pepi I, Pepi II, Sekemket, and
Peripsen.

Except for the option A, options in B, C, D, and E are the criteria which describe Egyptian civilization

Except for the option C, the rest are related to habitat