DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ

In 306 CE, Constantine became emperor of the entire Roman empire, east and west, and decided to move the capital city from Rome to an old fortress city on the Bosphorus, then called Byzantium. He wanted it to be called New Rome but the city gradually adopted the name of Constantinople in his honor. The correct choice is B.

Society was divided into political factions and these were seen especially at chariot races where the Blues, representing the wealthy and supporters of Orthodoxy in religion, raced against the Greens, representing the rest of the population, mostly heterodox in religion. The correct answer is C.

Unlike in the old Roman Empire, in the Byzantine Empire the emperor was absolute ruler of both church (Christianity) and state under a system called “caesaropapism.” The emperor himself presided over major theological debates and conferences, such as the Council of Nicaea. The correct answer is E.

The Council of Nicaea (Iznik) was a meeting to which bishops and other leaders from all the major churches of the Christian faith and as far away as Britain were invited in 325 CE to resolve a theological dispute. The issue under debate was the church attitude toward the views of a group, the Arians, followers of a priest from Alexandria named Arius (250- 336 CE) who emphasized the uniqueness of God the Father and maintained that Jesus had been a man like all other men, not a part of God himself. Opposed to that view was one which maintained that Jesus Christ had been simultaneously both human and divine. The Council of Nicaea attendees decided to opt for the latter view, ruling that God was coeternal and begotten from the same substance as God the Father. The correct answer is C.

The controversy over the nature of Christ, the relationship between what was human and what divine in Christ caused disputes in the Byzantine world. It weakened permanently the Byzantine society’s cohesiveness. This contributed to weakening of the imperial defenses against the Muslims. The new theological controversies, which ran from the fourth century CE to the late seventh century CE, eventually led to the loss of the eastern provinces of the empire. As for choices B, C, and E, even though the latifundia system worked well at the beginning, it caused the landowners to gain excess power while the number of free military peasants decreased since the latter became serfs to rich land owners. Hence, the military of the empire weakened as soldiers became workers for the rich. The armies possessed by the wealthy posed a threat to the throne. On the other hand, even though Latin was the official language of early Constantinople, as it was of the entire Roman Empire, that language was replaced by Greek after the sixth century CE. Greek, which had long been the vernacular in Constantinople anyway, became the language of government in Byzantium. The Byzantine Empire was profoundly influenced by the Greek language, religious elements, literature and classical culture. As time went by Byzantine scholars and religious figures did not have to, nor did they tend to, learn to read Latin. While Greek culture had been central to the ancient Romans, and while the pagan religion of the Greeks had been adopted almost wholesale by the Romans, as Greek speakers located near Greece, the Byzantines were inspired much more deeply by the philosophy and literature of classical Greece than they were affected by the thinking and writing of classical Rome. Over time, Greek became the main language used. The Byzantines called themselves Romans but the language that was the medium in their empire became Greek. Therefore, although it had begun its work in the Latin language, it moved to Greek without causing major conflicts. The correct answer is D.

The church called Santa Sophia is known today by the appellation Hagia Sophia, which means ‘Divine Wisdom.’

The Arabs served the world as great transmitters of knowledge. The Byzantines preserved world knowledge of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and other great Greek thinkers; their writings were copied by hand through generations and then passed down to us via the Arabs. The correct choice is A.

The Digest was a codification of laws before Hadrian. Pax Romana means Roman Peace. Basilics was a new collection of laws at a later period (896-912 CE) under Leo, initiated by Leo’s father Basilius. Demes were the two rival parties the Blues an d the Greens. The correct answer is E, Codex Justinianus.  This immense work of codification named Codex Justinianus, later known as the Code of Justinian or, after a printed edition of 1583, appeared as the Corpus Juris Civilis. This became the basis for civil law throughout Western Europe.

While all of the facts in the choices were true for the Byzantine Empire, the reason for the Niki revolt was that the members of the Blues and the Greens had come together in the Hippodrome to compel Emperor Justinian to be merciful to two escaped criminals. Emperor Justinian would not agree to the request.  The crowds rose in revolt against the emperor; they burned down many public buildings in the city, including Saint Sophia. Peasants who had fled their farms as result of heavy taxation joined that day with the demes in what became a major crowd movement, a sort of revolution. The correct answer is B.

The city Constantinople was a port where ships came from around the globe. From the Black Sea came furs and hides, grain, salt and wine. From India, Ceylon, Syria and Arabia came spices, precious stones, and silk. From Africa, and from Scandinavia and Russia, came slavery and ivory. The emperors maintained a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of silk textiles, gold embroidery and purple dye until the eleventh century. The correct answer is B.

Doğru seçenek B

Byzantine Empire, a civilization and polity, which lasted eleven hundred years

Doğru seçenek D

Doğru seçenek A

The emperor, although absolute in his powers, could not impose new religious dogma without church support, however.

Doğru seçenek C

Doğru seçenek E

Arianism emphasized the uniqueness of God the Father and maintained that Jesus had been a man like all other men, not a part of God himself

Monasticism is a Christian way of life.

Latifundia   These were huge estates owned by wealthy cultivators

Iconoclasm An icon is a painting or other representation of Jesus Christ or another holy figure

Doğru seçenek C

provinces under exarchs were called exarchates

These armies and fleets were scattered over Italy and each one was placed under a general who was called the duce

farmers were called upon to provide military service as soldiers in a theme

Latifundia were huge estates owned by wealthy cultivators

Doğru seçenek A. A seçeneği  dışındaki diğer çeldiriciler ortak özelliklerdir.

Doğru seçenek C

Doğru seçenek B

Doğru seçenek A

1071      The empire was defeated at the Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk Turks

1096      The Crusaders arrived at Constantinople.

1204      The Fourth Crusade captured Constantinople

1453      Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks