KÜRESEL POLİTİK EKONOMİ - Deneme Sınavı - 3

Mediation: The assistance of the international organization, the third state or a person in order to participate in the negotiations on the dispute resolution of the states that are parties to the dispute and to resolve the disputes.

Petersberg missions were not named after an English prime minister. The rest is true.

In 2007, the Lisbon Treaty, which was a reform treaty to replace the constitution, was
signed between the member states and entered into force in 2009.

The main elements and characteristics of financial crisis can be listed as follows: • Uncertainty in the financial system changes expectations to a great extent, • Financial institutions worry about cash problems, • Decreases in profit will create a base for bankruptcies, • Increase in interest rates and contraction of economic activities, • Sudden and unexpected emergence, • To cause the crisis to grow or to cause a new crisis by spreading to another country, • To create new opportunities besides danger and threats, • The duration depends on the measures to be taken, • Reduction of the portion of capital evaluated in real production,• Speculative international capital movements, • Wrong economic policies and structural deteriorations, • Increase in public deficits, current account deficit and savings deficit, • Excessive exchange rate, • The banking system may be problematic, unchecked, and bank panics occur

Croatia also became a member in 2013, the number of EU member states reached 28.

In the good offices process, the parties have the right to reject the third party’s proposals if there is no agreement on the contrary. It can be said that the good offices is divided into two parts as the technical good offices that provides the necessary convenience and services for the meeting and the political good offices where approximation works are carried out to ensure the negotiations of the parties. The third party does not participate in the negotiations to be held between the parties, and with the start of the negotiations, the third party’s duty ends. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The basic indicators they use in these studies have been elaborated in ten subheadings (Kaminsky, Reinhart & Lizondo, 1997: 10-11): • Capital Account: International reserves, capital flows, short-term capital flows, foreign direct investments, differences between domestic and foreign interest rates, • Debt Profile: Total external debt, external debt of the public sector, short-term debt, distribution of debt according to interest and credit, foreign aid, • Current Account: Real exchange rate, current account balance, foreign trade balance, export and import, export price indices, savings and investments, • International Variables: Real growth rate, interest rates and price level, • Financial Liberalization: Loan growth, change in money multiplier, real interest rates, spread between bank borrowing and deposit rates,• Real Sector: Real GDP growth rate, production, wages, changes in stock prices, employment/unemployment, production deficit, • Budget Variables: Budget deficit, government expenditures and public sector loans, • Other Financial Variables: The amount of credit transferred by the Central Bank to the banking system, the gap between money demand and supply, bond yields, domestic inflation rate, shadow exchange rate, M2/international reserves, • Institutional-Structural Factors: Openness, foreign exchange controls, period of time in which fixed exchange rate system is applied, financial liberalization, banking crises, past crisis crises, • Political Variables: Government changes, political instability, developments that lead to loss of confidence, and unnecessary election decisions

All of them are.

Agreements relating to the Trade of Goods:
Agriculture Agreement, Anti-Dumping
Agreement, Agreement on Subsidies and
Compensation Measures, Protection
Measures Agreement, Technical Barriers to
Trade Agreement, Health and Phytosanitary
Measures Agreement, Customs Valuation
Agreement, Pre-Shipment Inspection
Agreement, Rules of Origin Agreement and
Import Licenses Agreement

An example of the mediation method is the Annan Plan process in the Cyprus Negotiations. Kofi Annan, UN Secretary General in 2004, brought together the parties and facilitated negotiations as a mediator as the highest representative of the United Nations. As a result of the meetings attended by the mediator, a plan was prepared for the construction of a single state by eliminating the two-headed structure on the island. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Supranational Corporation: It is the form that the transnational corporation will take in the future. The corporation shall be registered and audited by an organization
established by an international agreement and shall pay its tax there and thus lose its nationality legally

Conciliation is a peaceful solution method in which states that are parties to the dispute create an independent commission and ask this commission to examine the issue and bring solutions to them. It can be accepted that the main objectives of the method of conciliation are to determine disputes, to reduce tension, to encourage the negotiations of the parties, and to establish communication between the parties. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Moratorium: The Borrower declares that they cannot pay all or part of their debts due to the loss of their ability to pay.

Convertibility: It means that a country’s money can be converted to gold or to other country’s money under a measure called exchange rate or parity.

The method of investigation in dispute resolution is applied because of the necessity of collecting and examining data by an impartial institution due to the presence of incidents requiring technical expertise as the facts do not emerge without examination and investigation in some disputes. The most recent example of the investigation is the establishment of the International Fact Finding Mission, established by the United Nations Human Rights Council on June 2, 2010, on the May 31, 2010 attack on the convoy that brought humanitarian aid to Gaza by the Israeli soldiers. Therefore, the correct option is A.

In the international system, globalization means that the economic, political, and cultural elements of states extend beyond the national boundaries, spread around the world, and facilitate and increase the political and economic interactions between states.

Arbitration: A solution method in which the resolution of the dispute is decided by the independent and impartial third person or persons called the arbitrator instead of the state court trial and the final decision is binding. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Persons who may be parties to the dispute before the court are two or more states, two or more international organizations, state and real or legal persons, international organizations and real or legal persons. It is not mandatory to be a party to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 in order to apply to the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The parties may add an arbitration clause to the pre-dispute agreement to resolve their disputes by the arbitrator method, or may make an arbitration agreement after the dispute occurs. The rules will be decided by the parties during the arbitration process. If the legal rules are not determined by the parties, arbitration proceedings will be made according to the international law. The language to be used in arbitration is determined by the parties. However, if no language determination has been made, the Permanent Court of Arbitration may select the language to be used. The adjudication process in arbitration is conducted in two stages:; written and oral. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Fixed Exchange System: It is the system where the Central Bank interferes with the foreign exchange, prevents the decreases and fluctuations, and tries to keep the exchange rates in a stable balance.

The first stage of the WTO trial is negotiation. If no result is obtained from this stage, it is possible for the complainant state to request a panel for the settlement of the dispute. Members are selected among the persons in the secretariat by the member states, a panel is formed, and a trial is held. The party, who does not find the panel decision correct, can take this decision against the permanent appeal body within the WTO, and the authority examines the compliance of the relevant decision with the WTO legislation. In order for the approved decision to become binding, DSB must accept this decision and it is sufficient for only one member state to vote for acceptance. The member state that is decided against is obliged to fulfill the requirements of this decision or it may face serious sanctions such as suspension of the privileges provided by the WTO. Therefore, the correct option is E.