ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 11

” Proxy war may be defined as “conflicts in which a third party intervenes indirectly in order to influence the strategic outcome in favor of its preferred faction.

are some examples of cyber terrorism.

The efforts to justify the emergence of political terrorism
on the basis of specific socio-economic conditions
or psychopathology are doomed to failure. Because,
while political terrorism is an act of certain minority
groups, a significant fraction of terrorists are wealthy
or spoiled persons

Modernity is a period dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries and extending to the mid-20th century (Kırılmaz and Ayparçası, 2016: 33). It is a historical era that refers to concepts such as the nation state, nationalism, industrialization, proletariat, nuclear family, secularism, urbanization, democracy, bureaucracy, bourgeoisie, the rule of law. Therefore, the correct option is C.

In the first century A.D., the Zealots and its fanatic group the Sicarii, a Jewish sect, had undertaken terrorist acts- they are known as the first terrorist groups in history. Their fighting movement Zelaotry, which means conservatism and bigotry, is used to define any member (Zealot) and the movement itself of an ancient Jewish sect which aimed to struggle for Jewish world of theocracy and resistance to the Romans until 70 A.D. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Internecine terrorism refers to the conflict that spills over into another country or fought on foreign soil (Table 6.3). Therefore, the correct option is A.

Tactical Terror is the type that attacks government or politically attractive targets (Table 6.3). Therefore, the correct option is E.

Cultural and social psychological reasons constitute the subjective reasons. Cultural reasons refer to the material practice and spiritual practice of a society. A culture that values violence or war may be given as an example for cultural reasons of terrorism. Social-psychological reasons also help explain political violence. Among these reasons, “intent detection and anger” and “expectation of revenge” stand out. Academic studies show that “intent detection” increases the anger and the aggression has the potential to cause further aggression as long as the anticipation of revenge keeps the negative thoughts in the consciousness (Taylor et al., 2007: 412453).

Therefore, one can conclude that giving voice to “malevolence” may create a potential enemy. Iran’s labeling the US as “the Great Satan” and Israel as the “Little Satan” is an example of “intent detection and anger.” On the other hand, the US list of rogue states is another example of “intent detection and anger.” Moreover, the violence that continues over a long time may provide future generations with cultural and social-psychological reasons for the continuation of a conflict, as we have observed in the case of the Palestine-Israeli conflict. As such, both “intent detection and anger” and “expectation of revenge” increase violence. In other words, violence causes violence. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Misgovernment: According to the the United Nations, the basic features of good governance are political participation, rule of law, transparency, accountability, equality and inclusion, responsibility, effectiveness and efficiency, and consensus-orientedness.Therefore, one may regard misgovernment as the opposite of “good governance.” Misgovernment, then, refers to an arbitrary and autocratic rule- not a constitutional state but a law state that is divorced from merit, accountability, and transparency. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The US list of rouge states: Iraq, Iran, Syria, Libya, Cuba, North Korea, and Sudan are the rouge states from the perspective of the American government (see CIA, 2003). Therefore, the correct option is C.

the army has three main roles in combating terrorism:

• anti terrorism: defense measures to reduce vulnerability of populations, territories, and infrastructure, information and communication systems.

• counter terrorism: offensive measures to track down, prevent, deter, and interdict terrorist activities.

• result management: measures to limit the consequences of terrorist attacks, and to stabilize the situation in the aftermath of such attacks with the support of civilian authorities.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

International anti-terrorism initiatives continue to suffer from three major weaknesses:

1) the problem of how to define terrorism,

2) inadequate efforts,

3) the limited resources and expertise.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

One may give the following possible scenarios in an attempt to better define and explain cyber terrorism:

• Blocking emergency communications or cutting off electricity or water in the wake of a conventional bombing or a biological, chemical, or radiation attack,

• Destroying the actual machinery of the information infrastructure,

• Disrupting the information technology underlying the internet, government computer networks, or critical civilian systems such as financial networks or mass media,

• Using computer networks to take over machines that control traffic lights, power plants, or dams in order to cause collateral damage,

• Stealing classified information, altering the content of web pages, disseminating false information, sabotaging operations, erasing data etc. in cyber milieu,

• Disrupting financial markets or media broadcasts, an attack could undermine confidence or cause panic such as breaching dams, colliding airplanes, shutting down the power grid etc., via remote control systems.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

Security dilemma: This concept refers to the situation where one nation’s efforts to enhance its security creates security concerns for another nation with any prior intention. For example, in the Cold War era, developing nuclear weapons cause a security dilemma, which had almost resulted in a new world war in the early 1960s. This dilemma has been further manifested in the international arena with increasing military technologies, arms races, and deterrent national policies. In an attempt to solve this dilemma, nations resorted to such policies as arms control, disarmament, reduction or elimination of certain weapons as well as diplomatic efforts to reach a consensus on international security issues. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Sustainability means that the requested energy can be supplied without any disruption as long as the energy is needed. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually created the Group of Seven. In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. Therefore, the correct option is D.

G-7 has recognized the key role of the energy transition through the development of new markets for clean energy and through non-marketdistortive support measures. The enhancement of research and development of innovative technologies are crucial for the future, recognizing that both economic growth and environmental protection could be achieved. Therefore, the correct option is B.

G20 acknowledges “the crucial role of energy in shaping the future, within different national circumstances as well as the need for persistent actions to address global challenges, including climate change and energy security.” The Group also recognizes that energy transitions are essential for the development of long-term strategies that combine economic growth and the reduction of greenhouse gases. Therefore, the correct option is E.

“The World Energy Council’s definition of energy sustainability is based on three core dimensions: energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. These three goals constitute a ‘trilemma’, entailing complex interwoven links between public and private actors, governments and regulators, economic and social factors, national resources, environmental concerns, and individual behaviors. Therefore, the correct option is C.

OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization that was formed at the Baghdad Conference, held on September 10-14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Today, with 14 Member Countries, “OPEC’s objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry”. Therefore, the correct option is A.