ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 12

Biodiversity refers to the tremendous diversity of plant and animal species making up the earth’s (global, regional, and local) ecosystems.

The Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually cThe Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually created the Group of Seven. In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. reated the Group of Seven. In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. The correct answer is C.

This brings us to the discussion of the concept of security dilemma. This concept refers to the situation where one nation’s efforts to enhance its security creates security concerns for another nation with any prior intention. The correct answer is A.

Sustainability means that the requested energy can be supplied without any disruption as long as the energy is needed (APERC, 2017). The correct answer is B.

The concept of availability refers to the presence of energy resources and sustaining the “demand and supply equilibrium” of the world energy resources. Accessibility is important for ensuring the continuous flow of energy within the technological means.  The correct answer is C.

Members of OPEC (as of March 2019): Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975), Angola (2007), Equatorial Guinea (2017), Congo (2018). The correct answer is B.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): is the oldest permanent specialized agency of the United Nations, established in October 1945 with the objective of defeating hunger and improving nutrition and standards of living by increasing agricultural productivity. With over 194 member states, FAO works in over 130 countries. In agriculture, FAO is the lead agency. The correct option is E.

There are four main components of food security. These are availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. Availability refers to whether food is physically available. In other words, it is related to the question of whether enough food is produced to meet the needs. The second dimension of food security is accessibility, which is the key issue when discussing food security. Utilization refers to food quality and nutritional content. This relates to health, HIV/AIDS, access to water and clean energy sources. FAO considers the principle of stability as the fourth dimension of food security. This principle is mostly related to the consequences of sudden shocks. The correct option is D.

“NATO’s role in energy security was first defined in 2008 at the Bucharest Summit, and since then this role has been strengthened. Energy security is a vital element of resilience and has become more important in the past years due to the new security context. Energy efficiency is important not only for logistics and cost-saving in threats of operation, but also for the environment” (NATO, 2016). The correct answer is C.

The Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually created the Group of Seven. In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. The correct answer is C.

OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization that was formed at the Baghdad Conference, held on September 10-14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Today, with 14 Member Countries, “OPEC’s objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry” (OPEC, 2018). The correct answer is B.

Imperialism has always been at the center of debates in International Relations since the late 19th century. Imperialism signifies an asymmetrical relationship between the materially advanced societies and relatively “backward” societies. Energy imperialism, as a concept in IR, is mostly used for the situations where the natural resources are used by a state as a leverage to attain its political and military objectives (Harshe, 2005, 2071). The correct answer is E.

The Energy Community is an “international organization which brings together the European Union and its neighbors to create an integrated pan-European energy market. The key objective of the Energy Community is to extend the EU internal energy market rules and principles to countries in South East Europe, the Black Sea region and beyond on the basis of a legally binding framework. The correct answer is D.

Inquisition, a judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy. Derived from the Latin verb inquiro (“inquire into”), the name was applied to commissions in the 13th century and subsequently to similar structures in early modern Europe (www.britannica.com).

Parameters

Explanation

Motive

The reason that the perpetrator has and operates from

Instrument

The act itself

Goal

A result such as death

Intent

To create impact

The Definition of terrorism based on these parameters

Terrorism is a violent act with political content that affects the behavior of millions and that aims at reaching certain results such as death or keeping people under control through fear.

By Location

By Personality

By Purpose

By Target

By Issue

Domestic

Crazies

Political

Mass Terror

Revolutionary

International

Crusaders

Non-political

Dynastic Terror

Political

Non-State

Criminals

Quasi-terrorism

Random Terror

Nationalist

State-sponsored

Limited Political

Focused Random Terror

Cause Based

Internecine

Official or State

Tactical Terror

Environmental

State-sponsored

Nuclear

Genocide

Dynastic Terror: selective targeting of individuals or groups

Domestic: by residents of a country within that country

Genocide: when a government seeks to wipe out a minority group in its territory

Nonpolitical: for private purposes or gain

Quasi-terrorism: skyjacking and hostage taking

Subjective reasons include cultural and social-psychological reasons whereas objective reasons refer to misgovernment, loose democracy, poverty, wealth inequality, ignorance, intellectual awakening, and intellectual stimulation.

The US list of rouge states: Iraq, Iran, Syria, Libya, Cuba, North Korea, and Sudan are the rouge states from the perspective of the American government (see CIA, 2003).

Intellectual awakening/intellectual stimulation, misgovernment, loose democracy, poverty, Wealth inequality, ignorance are objective reasons of terrorism.