ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK

The Zealots and its fanatic group the Sicarii, a Jewish sect, had undertaken terrorist acts- they are known as the first terrorist groups in history. Their fighting movement Zelaotry, which means conservatism and bigotry, is used to define any member (Zealot) and the movement itself of an ancient Jewish sect which aimed to struggle for Jewish world of theocracy and resistance to the Romans until 70 A.D.

Through the inquistion, those who were believed to have acted contrary to the doctrines of the Catholic Church were condemned as misbelievers. Then, they were first excommunicated and later transferred to the courts to ‘leave the world’. The method for ‘leaving the world’ included various forms of torture such as auto da-fe and drownings. The inquisition was revived and reinvented in the fight against the Protestants in the 16th century. The Spanish Inquisition also tested the sincerity of Christian converts. As a result, thousands of Jews and Muslims were burned to death.

Motive is the reason for the act that the perpetrator has, works to satify, and operates from. Instrument is the terror act itself. The  goal of terrorism refers to achieving a result such as killing and death. Intent refers to creating certain impact. Motive is something political and requires violent action. The threat of violence may suffice if perpetrators have already caused fear in the society through previous acts of violence.

Domestic - by residents of a country within that country
International - by representatives of a country against another country
Non-state - extremism and revolution for its own sake
State-sponsored - by a government against its own people or in support of international terrorism against another government
Internecine - conflict that spills over into another country or fought on foreign soil

Crusaders are usually sacrificial, death attitude; blends politics and religion; seldom willing to negotiate; task-oriented and indifferent to risk; seeks publicity and larges group possible.

Quasi-terrorism is skyjacking and hostage taking.

Mass Terror targets general population, revolutionary
aims to replace the existing government, cause based groups are devoted to a social or religious cause using violence, and environmental groups are dedicated to prevent harming of animals and nature.

Misgovernment is considered a cultural reason for terrorism. Loose democracy, poverty, wealth inequality, intellectual awakening or stimulation, and various other reasons such as joining a terrorist organization for adventure or financial motives are social-psychological reasons.

Today, groups or states employ yet another method to realize their political objectives: using some other states, groups or organizations instead of directly fighting with each other- which is called “proxy wars.” Proxy war may be defined as “conflicts in which a third party intervenes indirectly in order to influence the strategic outcome in favor of its preferred faction” (Mumford, 2013:40).

According to Terzi (2015: 194), cyber terrorism is politically motivated, and its instrument is the terror act itself; that is, it aims at influencing the behavior of millions of people. Its intent is to create impact; it aims at intervening in our daily lives as a result of the prevention of performance. Prevention of performance results from a motion that harbors corrupting the cyber systems and hurting or threatening people in the cyber space through using the global infrastructure. As implied by this definition, the death/ injury or the threat of death/injury is not a necessary component of cyber terrorism. But the death or the injury can also be one of the potential or willful consequences of cyber terrorism.

Finally, the army has three main roles in combating terrorism (Robertson, 2002):
• anti terrorism: defense measures to reduce vulnerability of populations, territories, and infrastructure, information and communication systems.
• counter terrorism: offensive measures to track down, prevent, deter, and interdict terrorist activities.
• result management: measures to limit the consequences of terrorist attacks, and to stabilize the situation in the aftermath of such attacks with the support of civilian authorities

Modernity is a period dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries and extending to the mid-20th century. It is a historical era that refers to concepts such as the nation-state, nationalism, industrialization, proletariat, nuclear family, secularism, urbanization, democracy, bureaucracy, bourgeoisie, the rule of law.

One may say that the examples of terror before the Modernity occurred essentially in the context of religion. In the first century A.D., the Zealots and its fanatic group the Sicarii, a Jewish sect, had undertaken terrorist acts- they are known as the first terrorist groups in history. Their fighting movement Zelaotry, which means conservatism and bigotry, is used to define any member (Zealot) and the movement itself of an ancient Jewish sect that aimed to struggle for the Jewish world of theocracy and resistance to the Romans until 70 A.D.

The inquisition was institutionalized in the 13th century and it reigned until the 19th century. However, it even dates back to the11th century (Eroğlu, 2004: 93-100). Through the inquisition, those who were believed to have acted contrary to the doctrines of the Catholic Church were condemned as misbelievers. Then, they were first excommunicated and later transferred to the courts to ‘leave the world’. Inquisition, a judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy. Derived from the Latin verb inquiro (“inquire into”), the name was applied to commissions in the 13th century and subsequently to similar structures in early modern Europe

In defining terrorism, it may be helpful to employ some parameters. For example, Başeren (2006) examines the definition of terrorism through such parameters as motive, instrument, goal, and intent. The motive is the reason for the act that the perpetrator has, works to satisfy, and operates from. The instrument is the terror act itself. The goal of terrorism refers to achieving a result such as killing and death. Intent refers to creating a certain impact. The motive is something political and requires violent action. The threat of violence may suffice if perpetrators have already caused fear in society through previous acts of violence.

The other priorities of counter-terrorism include:
• Minimizing the support for terrorist groups,
• Understand the motivation of the groups and relevant recruitment factors,
• Understand the strategic importance of labeling of a group (terrorist, guerilla or revolutionaries etc.)

Military action is sometimes the appropriate response to terrorist acts. However, a large military may not be able to prevent terrorist attacks for the following basic reasons:
• terrorists are not traditional enemies that may be deterred by traditional military force;
• terrorism is not traditional warfare;
• terrorists choose the time and the place of their attacks, and their targets are not on military battlefields;
• terrorists do not wear uniforms to distinguish themselves from their enemies;
• terrorists are the antithesis of the type of enemy that armed forces are designed and trained to fight

Finally, the army has three main roles in combating terrorism:
• anti-terrorism: defense measures to reduce vulnerability of populations, territories, and infrastructure, information and communication systems.
• counter-terrorism: offensive measures to track down, prevent, deter, and interdict terrorist activities.
• result management: measures to limit the consequences of terrorist attacks, and to stabilize the situation in the aftermath of such attacks with the support of civilian authorities.