ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK

The concept of human security was first used in the 1994 Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as “safety from chronic threats such as hunger, disease and repression, and protection from sudden and harmful disruptions in the patterns of daily life whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities”. The correct answer is A.

The multidimensional aspect of human security view encompasses all possible forms of threat to human security, including political, economic, environmental, and social threats. Moreover, this broader view was embraced in the 1994 Human Development Report under seven main domains: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security. The correct answer is B.

There are some general characteristics of human security. First, human security has become a concern of everyone; thus, it is universal - not local. Second, the interdependent character of human security threats necessitates the cooperation of states in security issues. Third, the human security approach attaches greater importance to early prevention than intervention because the cost of late intervention may be very high. Finally, the individual-centered approach of human security is indisputable. The correct answer is E.

(In historical order) the end of Cold War, the Non-Aligned, the Group of Seventy Seven and Lysoen Declaration all contributed to the evolution of human security. The correct answer is C.

The Commission on Human Security specified the priorities of human security as follows:

The correct answer is D

The 21st century presents a new approach to security threats, which are called non-traditional security (NTS) threats, also known as non-military threats, to better understand world politics and take the necessary measures to sustain and promote the international order. Among the critical NTS are environmental security, economic security, the security of food and water resources. Other NTS include migration, climate change, diseases and pandemics, social issues, human trafficking and drugs. The correct answer is B.

In 1972, the Club of Rome released a report, Limits of Growth, in which it was suggested that if the then economic patterns continued, the world would soon experience an ecological disaster. Limits of Growth was the first report that has warned that humanity is on the verge of a global economic and ecological destruction. The correct answer is C.

Biodiversity refers to the tremendous diversity of plant and animal species making up the earth’s (global, regional, and local) ecosystems. The correct answer is B.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs or MDG 8) are a long-and medium-term development agenda approved by the UN General Assembly in December 2000. Their purpose was to inject renewed urgency into global development efforts by establishing challenging targets in each of the key human development areas:

The correct answer is A.

One of the purposes of The World Food Summit at 1996 was to halve the number of undernourished by 2015, while the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), set in 2000, aspired to reduce by half the proportion of people suffering from hunger. The first MDG aimed to “eradicate extreme poverty and hunger” by 2015, however this target has not been achieved. The correct answer is D.

The concept of human security was first used in the 1994 Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as “safety from chronic threats such as hunger, disease and repression, and protection from sudden and harmful disruptions in the patterns of daily life whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities.” Therefore, the correct option is A.

The humanitarian conception is an extension of the state responsibility approach to protect citizens based on the natural rights conception of human rights because it depends on “the right to intervene” or “duty to intervene” of the international community in countries with gross human rights violations. Even if this contradicts with the core principles of international relations (such as the state sovereignty, the prohibition of use of force against the territorial integrity, and non-interference in the domestic affairs of a sovereign country), the security of the state does not automatically mean the security of its citizens. Therefore, the correct option is D.

There are some general characteristics of human security. First, human security has become a concern of everyone; thus, it is universal. Second, the interdependent character of human security threats necessitates the cooperation of states in security issues. Third, the human security approach attaches greater importance to early prevention than intervention because the cost of late intervention may be very high. Finally, the individual-centered approach of human security is undisputable. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The Cold War was the rivalry between the United States of America and the Soviet Union as well as between their respective allies from the end of the Second World War to 1989. This rivalry was based on the ideological difference between the two superpowers. It never escalated into an actual conflict; it was rather based on the use of political, economic, bureaucratic, and propaganda tools despite the existence of proxy wars such as the Korean War (1950-1953), the Vietnam War (1955-1975), and the SovietAfghan War (1979-1989). The Cold War came to an end with the collapse of Communist bloc in 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Security Dilemma is a situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather than an increase in the original state’s security. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The Non-Aligned Movement is an organization created by 29 Asian and African former colonial countries in Bandung/Indonesia in 1955. All these countries strived to follow an independent foreign policy from both NATO and the Warsaw Pact and supported the independence movements. They followed an agenda for economic development, disarmament, and economic inequality between countries. Therefore, the correct option is D.

After the publication of this report, the UN requested a final report for human security from the Commission on Human Security. The Commission specified the priorities of human security as follows:
• Protecting people in violent conflict;
• Protecting people from the proliferation of arms;
• Supporting the human security of people on the move;
• Establishing human security transition funds for post-conflict situations;
• Encouraging fair trade and markets to benefit the extreme poor;
• Providing minimum living standards everywhere;
• According high priority to universal access to basic health care;
• Developing an efficient and equitable global system for patent rights;
• Empowering all people with universal basic education, through much stronger global and national efforts;
• Clarifying the need for a global human identity while respecting the freedom of individuals to have diverse identities and affiliations.

Therefore, the correct option is A.

A key concept in Homer-Dixon’s work on scarcity-induced environmental conflict is the “resource capture,” the idea that “environmental scarcity encourages powerful groups to capture valuable environmental resources and prompts marginal groups to migrate to ecologically sensitive areas. These two processes in turn reinforce environmental scarcity and raise potential for social instability. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Kyoto Protocol (1997): is the main international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandates cuts in carbon emissions in 2008–2012. Almost all the world’s major countries, except the United States, are participants. Therefore, the correct option is A.

THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, 2000

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs or MDG 8) are a long -and medium- term (to be achieved by 2015) development agenda approved by the UN General Assembly in December 2000. Their purpose was to inject renewed urgency into global development efforts by establishing challenging targets in each of the key human development areas.
Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Targets: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day; and halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education Target: Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere – boys and girls – will be able to complete primary schooling.
Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary schools by 2005, and all levels of education by 2015.
Goal 4 Reduce child mortality Target: Reduce by two-thirds (1990–2015) the under-5 mortality rate.
Goal 5 Improve maternal health Target: Reduce by three-quarters (1990–2015) the maternal morbidity ratio.
Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Targets: Halt and begin to reverse spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015, and the incidence of malaria and other diseases.
Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability Targets: Integrate sustainable development principles; halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water; achieve a significant improvement in the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.
Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development Targets: Further develop a rule-based non-discriminatory financial and trading system; address needs of least developed countries, small island and landlocked states; make debt sustainable; employment for youths; access to medicines; share benefits of new information and communications technologies.

Therefore, the correct option is E.