ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ - Deneme Sınavı - 10

The Napoleonic map was redesigned as much as possible to pre-1789 borders by the dissolution of Napoleonic states and the restoration of European monarchies. No state was to be reformed in a nationalistic fashion.

The revolutions of 1848 effectively destroyed the absolutist regimes in Europe (except in Russia), thus ending the very basis upon which the Holy Alliance was built.

Ideas such as state sovereignty, independence, or international law were not established concepts before the 17th century.

According to Paul Hirst, the modern state has three additional characteristics:

Greek state system was  based on a shared language, culture, and common religion.

In the Middle Ages,  two kinds of hierarchy prevailed—the Holy Roman Emperor as temporal authority and the Pope as spiritual authority.

Medieval Europe was a complex political and social system. Within this system, security was provided by local rulers and their knights, who lived in fortified towns and strong castles.

People from different regions came together in the Italian city-states to exchange culture, ideas, beliefs, and intellectual accumulation. Another critical link in this development was the conquest of Istanbul in 1453, which encouraged many Eastern scholars to flee to the Italian peninsula, bringing with them vast collections of ancient books and manuscripts.

During  The Renaissance many political thinkers counseled local political leaders, of which Niccolò Machiavelli was one of the most prominent.  Machiavelli, who has often been dubbed “the first truly modern political thinker,” was a bureaucrat and diplomat who served in the government of Florence.

In 1517 when Martin Luther, a student of the Renaissance, published his ‘95 Theses,’ a series of critiques of Catholic doctrine which soon spread to the rest of much of Europe.

The congresses of Münster and Osnabrück, the first of their kind, led to the signing of the Treaties of Westphalia, the first multilateral diplomatic gathering in Europe to end a regional war and build a new order. The Peace of Westphalia is considered the starting point of the international system because modern International Relations derived its core principles from the peace settlements that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648.

Diplomacy simply means the conduct of relations between states by official agents through peaceful means.

The Interwar period is between 1919 and 1939.

"Big Four”, were Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States.

While 44 countries became the original members of the League, the number increased in the interwar years and 63 states became its members by 1939.

The Weimar Republic was the unofficial name to describe the German government from 1918 to 1933.

Appeasement is the policy of buying off a potential aggressor through negotiation and compromise in order to prevent an armed conflict, a policy Britain and France applied to both Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.