ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ

In order to prevent an unstable situation created by Russia after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 from exploding, Bismarck convened the Congress of Berlin in 1878 as a check and balance for the region.

The 1878 Congress of Berlin was thus one of the milestones of the pre-1914 system. The 1815 Concert of Europe, on the brink of collapse since the Crimean War, with Bismarck’s intervention lasted until 1904.

The Triple Entente was an “association between Great Britain, France, and Russia, the nucleus of the Allied Powers in World War I.

It was the irredentist policies of the small Balkan states without an Ottoman “safety valve” that dragged a declining Austria-Hungary and destabilized Russia into conflict, pulling Germany and Britain into the morass with them.

It was the British-German rivalry that did most to lead to war in terms of naval rivalry.

Massive production rates and economic expansion greatly enhanced the scale of most states’ military buildups. Thus industrialization contributed to militarism and armaments as a cause for World War I.

Russia’s position became more precarious, as the Ottomans closed the straits to the Black Sea, seriously damaging the link between the Entente Powers.

The immediate impact of the Gallipoli Campaign was the inclusion of Italy and Bulgaria to the war.

The revolution plunged Russia into a bloody civil war that would last until 1922. They withdrew from the war signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Everywhere, the war economy transformed societies. As working hours and conditions became more demanding for workers and conditions worsened, labor unrest spread. Shortages and deteriorating living conditions also caused great dissatisfaction among civilians, before long leading to antiwar sentiment and testing the legitimacy of monarchy throughout the continent. Everywhere socialism was on the rise, especially after the Russian Revolution of 1917 (Ferguson, 2015:233-250).

Vladimir Lenin’s socialist world vision, the Bolshevik Revolution emerged in Russia in 1917.

The first of the diplomatic crises was the Fashoda Crisis of 1898 between France and Britain.

the July Crisis happened in 1914.

The Triple Entente was an “association between Great Britain, France, and Russia, the nucleus of the Allied Powers in World War I.

The Second Balkan War began when Serbia, Greece, and Romania quarreled with Bulgaria over the division of their joint conquests in Macedonia.

ocial Darwinism was hugely popular in the minds of European diplomats, soldiers, and politicians that had grown to believe that some nations are bound by nature to rule and survive, while others are destined to perish or serve. As such, ideas such as nationalism and Social Darwinism also played a hugely important role in the eventual outbreak of war.

Schlieffen Plan: “The German pre-1914 plan for a pre-emptive military offensive against France, which would involve troops passing through neutral Belgium.

Central Powers refer to the coalition of states during the First World War that consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Later that autumn, the Treaty of Neuilly was signed between the Allied powers and Bulgaria on November 27, 1919.

The treaties signed after the war revealed a new order in Europe. Called the Versailles Order and dominated by the force of British and French strength, it was full of inconsistencies.